In what quantities are trace elements required by microorganisms?

Microorganisms require trace elements in microgram quantities, which is a very small amount relative to other nutrients. These trace elements, which include metals such as zinc, copper, manganese, and iron, are essential for various biochemical processes, including enzyme function and structural roles in proteins. While these elements are critical for microbial growth and metabolism, their requirement is minimal compared to macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which are needed in larger amounts, often milligram to gram quantities. The specific need for trace elements in microgram amounts highlights their role as cofactors in enzymatic reactions, where even minute concentrations can be effective due to their high potency and activity within biological systems.