How do cells neutralize the toxic products of oxygen?

Cells neutralize the toxic products of oxygen primarily by developing protective enzymes. These enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, play critical roles in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced during cellular respiration and various metabolic processes. For instance, superoxide dismutase converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide, which is subsequently broken down by catalase into water and oxygen. This enzymatic detoxification is essential for maintaining cellular health and preventing oxidative damage, which can lead to cell injury or death.

Constructing physical barriers, consuming excess oxygen, or converting toxic by-products into heat do not effectively neutralize the toxic effects of oxygen. Instead, the development of protective enzymes is a sophisticated and highly effective biochemical strategy employed by cells to combat oxidative stress and maintain their overall functioning.