What can survive large doses of ionizing radiation?

Endospores are highly resistant structures formed by certain bacteria that allow them to survive extreme environmental conditions, including high levels of ionizing radiation. The formation of endospores is a survival mechanism that enables bacteria to endure otherwise lethal stresses such as desiccation, extreme temperatures, and radiation.

The resilience of endospores is primarily due to their dense, protective outer layers, which contribute to their stability and resistance to damage. Inside the endospore, the bacterial DNA is compacted and protected, further enhancing survival in harsh environments. This extraordinary resistance is why endospores are one of the few biological entities capable of surviving large doses of ionizing radiation, far exceeding the tolerance levels of most other living organisms.

Bacterial spores, while sometimes considered synonymous with endospores, can refer more broadly to various types of spores produced by different bacterial species. However, the term "endospores" specifically identifies those spores produced by bacteria like Bacillus and Clostridium, which exhibit exceptional resistance to radiation.

Viruses and fungi do not possess the same level of resistance to ionizing radiation. Most viruses are susceptible to damage from radiation, which can disrupt their genetic material, rendering them ineffective. Fungi, while generally